Research Library

Universal boundary value of 0.50 validated across populations: "Keep your waist circumference to less than half your height." WHtR predicts cardiometabolic outcomes more consistently than BMI.

Per 3-fold higher CRP: CHD HR 1.37 (1.27-1.48), ischaemic stroke HR 1.27 (1.15-1.40), vascular mortality HR 1.55 (1.37-1.76) after adjustment

AIP independently predicts coronary heart disease in Turkish population

AIP is a useful predictor of cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome

Subjects with FLI >60 had IMT of 0.64±0.08 mm vs 0.58±0.08 mm in FLI <20. FLI correlated with CHD risk (r=0.48) and inversely with insulin sensitivity (r=-0.43).

The Omega-3 Index is a novel, modifiable risk factor for CHD with clinical utility.

Hyperuricemia (>6 mg/dL women, >7 mg/dL men) associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome (59% with UA >10 vs 5.9% with UA <6), renal dysfunction; allopurinol reduced BP ~6.9 mmHg in adolescents

Multiple cardioprotective mechanisms explain omega-3 benefits beyond lipid-lowering.

Optimal serum 25(OH)D threshold >32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L); serum rises ~1 ng/mL per 100 IU daily intake; safe upper limit 10,000 IU/day

GGT adds predictive value beyond traditional CVD risk factors

WHtR ≥0.5 consistently identified increased cardiometabolic risk across diverse populations with sensitivity 70-80% and specificity 70-75% for metabolic outcomes.

GGT predicts vascular events in women independently of traditional risk factors

Metabolic syndrome was associated with approximately 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events (RR ~2.0) and 1.5-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality across studies.

GGT independently predicts metabolic syndrome and CVD risk

Non-HDL-C levels strongly correlated with metabolic syndrome components and provided better risk stratification than LDL-C in patients with elevated triglycerides.

TG/HDL ratio ≥3.5 identifies insulin-resistant, dyslipidemic individuals with sensitivity and specificity comparable to metabolic syndrome criteria

Upper-normal GGT increases cardiovascular mortality by 64% in men

Omega-3 Index ≥8% associated with 70% lower risk of sudden cardiac death compared to <4%.

GGT is a marker of oxidative stress, not just liver disease

AIP correlates with LDL particle size (r=0.803) and predicts cardiovascular risk

Metabolic syndrome diagnosed when 3 of 5 criteria present: waist >102cm(M)/88cm(F), TG ≥150, HDL <40(M)/50(F), BP ≥130/85, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL.

ApoB and non-HDL-C provide superior cardiovascular risk prediction compared to LDL-C, particularly when triglycerides are elevated and LDL particles are small and dense.

Non-HDL-C target is set 30 mg/dL higher than LDL-C target. For high-risk patients: LDL-C <100 mg/dL corresponds to non-HDL-C <130 mg/dL.

A 30 mg/dL increase in non-HDL-C corresponded to 19% increased CVD risk in men (vs 15% for LDL-C) and 11% in women (vs 8% for LDL-C).

Elevated GGT after MI predicts worse cardiac outcomes

TG/HDL ratio highest vs lowest quartile showed relative risk of 16.0 for myocardial infarction—the strongest lipid predictor

Insulin resistance is present in ~25% of nonobese individuals with normal glucose tolerance. The compensatory hyperinsulinemia drives hypertension and dyslipidemia, creating a high-CVD-risk phenotype.